There's GOT to be a theorem here: In a random set of N unique numbers, there are (N-1)/2 sequence breaks (where x[k-1] > x[k]). Experimental results: N,average sequence breaks in 1000000 random data sets 2,0.499 3,1.000 4,1.499 5,1.999 6,2.501 7,3.000 8,3.500 9,4.000 10,4.501 11,5.000 12,5.498 13,5.999 14,6.500 15,6.999 16,7.499 17,8.000 18,8.502 19,8.998 20,9.500 End note 6: Proof provided by Dr. Ray Hamel of my department: There are on average (n-1)/2 sequence breaks in a sequence of n randomly selected distinct items. Each sequence S of n items [where S = (S(1), . . . , S(n))] has its reverse sequence R such that R(j) = S(n-j+1). Both sequences together have n-1 sequence breaks: for each adjacent pair of (distinct) values, the two values are out of order either in R or in S (but not in both), and there are n-1 adjacent pairs. For randomly selected sequences, both sets are equally likely, so that there are (n-1)/2 sequence breaks on average.